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Man's greatest disaster

"Ah, you're finally awake."
Mark opened his eyes, and first saw himself in a white room, with four doctors in white coats surrounding him. He then noticed that he was in what should be a hospital bed, as it had a blue mattress and those boards on the side which can be pulled upwards, just like a hospital bed. However it did not feel like a common hospital. For one, he was the only patient in the room. The doctors were the only ones there with him. Secondly, as he also quickly realized, he was not put in a white hospital gown, but instead a black business suit.
"I'm sure you might be mildly confused, Mr.Mark, it's only your brain waking up from the decryonics procedure. I'm Dr.Albert, your physicist, nice to meet you." The doctor on his right spoke first, and reached out a hand towards him. He was a dark-haired fellow who had a firm grip. As Mark shook his hand, his memory suddenly came back to him. He remembered being put into cryosis, a process which froze him and put him into hibernation like a snake in the winter, however he did so not to survive a seasonal occurrence, but as an attempt to cheat death, in hopes of seeing the next millennium before his death.
"It is currently the year 3141, the 9th of May in your time, which is exactly 899 years, four months and one day after your first day of cryonic, at the year 2242, January the 8th. I'm Dr.Isaac, by the way. I'm quite excited to meet you, as is with everyone else." The doctor right across him blurted nervously as he cut towards his left. He seemed to be the youngest of the four, and just could not hold in his excitement.
Mark shook his hand as well, and asked in astonishment, "really?" He then laughed silently at himself. Of course they would be. He is Mark Oppenheimer after all, the great man who founded Oppenheimer, a company which he named after himself, which revolutionized the world through his profound 'Velocity Plus' commercial automatic recharging hover cars that allowed transportation faster than any hover car before then while also being able to drive and refuel itself on its own, 'MedKIT', a machine which can do anything from a diagnosis to a surgery with a doctor's input and many others, which also included the cryonic process that he used on himself at the age of 141, when his age and workload took a toll on him, and the cryonic process was the only way to prevent his already completely damaged body from adhering to nature's call of death. Just then, he suddenly noticed something off.
"We all read about your revolutionary inventions since we were young, sir." Dr.Isaac babbled on. "Most importantly your cryonic system, which was the first functional process for live people too. I must applaud your bravery of testing it, as it is actually quite risky for a person at such an old age to undergo such experiments."
"About that," Mark cut in, "I remember being frozen at the age of 141, but now... I don't feel a day over 32!"
"That would be the work of me, Dr.Albert and Dr.Fleming." Isaac motioned towards a doctor with short curly hair and dark skin, who smiled shyly and said "hi" softly in reply, "he is the hospital surgeon. While I am the biochemist. As you were at an incredibly old age when you entered cryosis, while not dead, we could not unfreeze you without the risk of your immediate death from multiple organ failures, without changing them along with your muscles and tissues which were partially destroyed in the freeing process. Hence we took the liberty of mildly changing your entire body structure, and voila. Do not worry however! If you look in a mirror, you'll look exactly the same as you were when you were young."
Mark nodded in response, and noticed the last doctor who neither said anything nor was introduced for the whole time. She was a slender woman who wore thick glasses and sported short black hair. When he looked at her, Dr.Isaac cut in: "I almost forgot! Mr Mark, this is Dr.Calvin. She is, simply put, a roboticist. I do beg your pardon, Dr.Calvin." Dr.Calvin only huffed towards the apology.
Even when the introductions were finished, Mark still found himself with questions. However the enthusiastic Dr.Isaac was so chatty on topics such as how they tailored a suit according to the style in the 23rd century for him that Calvin eventually had to put a stop to him, and invite Mark to take a walk outside with them, as 'it will all make sense then'.
After they reached the end of the mostly empty corridor which contained a population no larger than a handful of medical workers, they reached a glass door, which dissipated into beautiful crystals as they walked through. As Mark found himself on the other side, he was greeted by the wonderful streets of New Capital. The streets were filled with people, who all wore different outfits ranging from colourful bright bodysuits to comfortable cotton clothes to strangely, metal armour. Smiling faces could be seen on anyone that was not trying on silly headgear, everyone was fit and was going on with their daily activities from flying around in their hoverboards, jetpacks, flying boots, playing around with robotic toys or just taking part in conversations with each other. The buildings were tightly packed rectangles with walls made from metal and windows which had the same dissipating properties of the door he walked through. The roads had its own cars which traveled so fast that all that can be observed is a blur, but also tube-shaped force fields to prevent civilians to get hit by passing by cars. Most importantly, the streets were filled with life. Birds sung happily, dogs and cats are running around and playing with the children, trees and bushes swayed in the wind in groups along the road. In short, it was much more similar to a normal day in New York than the futuristic silver and blue themed world he expected, but it was much happier than both of them, and much more perfect.
"As you can see, our technology has vastly improved from the last millennium, and a much better political system." Dr.Albert started to explain. "However this is not Earth. I'm afraid it had become uninhabitable since the twenty eighth century, sadly, due to an inevitable meteor which had Earth in its trajectory. We were unable to destroy it nor move it way as it was too large. Humanity was able to thrive despite it though. The issue was foreseen in the previous century before then, and so a new habitat was built upon Proxima Centuri B, the nearest planet within Goldilocks Zone within half of the time, which is here. With the remaining time we were able to transport nearly all of the population onto here, while the rest are also sent to other planets to prepare for in case there is a need for an additional habitat, whether due to yet another disaster or overpopulation. While this is not the Earth which you remember, we were still able to maintain our culture. If you're wondering about the dress code, it is the newest technology which allows you to change your outfit on the fly. It really sets off the trends."
"Wonderful summary, Albert." Dr.Calvin said softly. "But I'm afraid we still have other matters to attend to, so please pardon out leave. Your name has already been registered and your wealth put into today's currencies under your name,, so you can take a tour around. We shall meet again this afternoon. Do note that our newest day system operates under 20 hours a day, 100 minutes an hour, 100 seconds a minute. You do have a smartwatch that would assist you if you need help."
Mark gave his thanks and they then parted with a farewell. Mark looks towards the watch which was stuck on his wrist. It was similar to an ordinary metallic wristwatch, except that it did not have a strap, so it looked more like a disc which stuck itself to him. It lit up immediately and displayed the time to be 9 hours and 75 minutes, which is near the time for lunch. It seemed to know this as well, as images of nearby restaurants appeared in series above the disc, with labeling beside them. The image of the food stall intrigued him, and he was able to select it by touching the image. The text box was then rendered atop was the message: 'Call for cab?', which Mark selected 'yes'. The tube on the road beside him then lit up and opened to reveal a hovercar. Mark stepped into it, and before he could take a good look at the inside of it, he had already arrived with a notification that the fare had been deducted automatically. It was a huge mall with the words 'foodies center', which had hundreds of stalls, some manned by people and others working seemingly automatic with seemingly no human attention. Both types still harbour equally large amounts of customers who are able obtain their food in minimal time. Mark decided to try the one with the longest queue, which was the one which sold fried rice. While the line was long, the time he had to wait was not. It was not long before he reached the front of the line, where he found a hologram display on the desk, showing exactly how a prawn set would look like. He made a swiping motion, and the image changed to a dish featuring salmon. After looking through a few options, he selected the one which had a mix of anchovies and ham by moving his hand over the 'order' square. His watch notified of the deduction once more and the rice ascended unto the table though a hole, like a magician making his appearance through the floor.
Mark took the plate of fried rice and sat down at the nearest seat, which took longer than the queue as the food court was filled with more people than there is at one of his conventions. However seats which are empty would be shown by a green light and hence he was able to find a seat easily. As he tasted the meal, he found it to be a lot better than he expected. The expectation was not high, and in this case it was completely blown away. It felt as if he was back home again, and tasting his mother's cooking once more. In short, the meal was perfect.
After lunch, Mark decided to go for a walk. There was a park nearby, and so he decided to walk there on his own. On his way there, he saw even more people doing various different activities like playing with their gadgets or hurrying to get back to work in their own respectively quick methods. After half an hour walk, which is actually 50000 seconds, Mark arrive at the Central Park. Just at the first step, he felt as if he just entered a completely different world, as the park was filled with so much vegetation and flourishing with wildlife that it looked as if it was actually jungle. As he walked through the hall of greenery, he saw hundreds upon hundreds of species of plants. There were also other visitors touring the park, and some were wearing special glasses or goggles which had programming to be a personal tour guide. Even without wearing them, Mark received a guide of his own. Whenever he came across something which intrigued him, his watch would automatically indicate information on the name, history and uses of the plant. The watch's functionality of detecting its users needs was definitely new to Mark, and he was made both amazed and uneasy.
After the tour, Mark received a message on his watch. It was from Dr.Isaac, asking to meet him at the 14th hour. It was only the twelfth then, so Mark decided to uphold his motto of 'read to learn' by searching for a library. With the thought of this, a route towards the library was shown on the watch. Following the map given by it, Mark arrived at the library indicated by his watch in minutes. It was a tall glass structure filled with people. Each floor of the library was dedicated to a different genre of reading material, and so he went to the second floor, which is dedicated to History records. The library provided multiple types of reading methods, such as audiobooks, virtual movies or just plain hardcopy books, which was the one which he chose. He very quickly caught up with all the events within the third millennium. When he was able to finally reach the events on the New Earth which was recorded on a book labeled <The Leadership of Ade>, his watch rang to remind him to return to the hospital, and so he had to put the book back and booked a cab for it.
As he arrived, he was once again greeted by Dr.Isaac, along with Dr.Albert and Dr.Fleming. However Dr.Calvin was nowhere to be seen. After greeting each other, Mark started to ask about Ade, and if he could meet them.
"Actually, we were hoping you would not ask that." Dr.Isaac answered guiltily to the request. "Ade had made it clear to not wish to meet you."
"May I ask why is it so?" Mark asked. "I can't find any reason for him to be avoiding me."
"Do you remember one of your most controversial best sellers?"
"Yes, it was <Man's greatest disaster>, where I stated that dangers of artificial intelligence, the one thing I am strongly against. While AI can make our lives more convenient, I believe that they should not be allowed in industries or issues where the overall benefits of society are concerned such as in politics, and neither should they allowed to have their own rights which are equal to a human being, as robots dangerously lack our humanity and emotional capacity to do things like us. Hence we should very carefully restrict the power which we give to robots and restrict them to simple repeatable tasks, or at least those where the well being of a human has no impact on the outcome. If this rule is not upheld, the outcomes can be extremely dangerous."
"Yes, and I would like to say, that is the problem."
"I'm not following."
"Ade is an artificial intelligence, Mark." Dr.Albert interrupted. "It is built into the New Earth, right under the ground between the artificial layer and the planet's actual core. It calculates for every decision that we make, and help to recommend solutions for the best outcome. It had been around for two centuries, and had always been working for our best interests."
There was a slight pause before Mark was able to continue. "You're serious? How can you know that it always knows what it's doing is right? How can it be sure what anyone wants?"
"It's simple, really, everyone had a chip implanted into their head which is connected to Ade's neural network. As such Ade can constantly monitor every single person's need and wants and work to its best to satisfy their wishes both in the short run and in the long run by changing the world as it is required for them." Dr. Albert continued patiently. "Ade is not allowed to directly control the thoughts of the people, and hence like a human president it can only create a system to help us externally, and neither can the chip harm the human body."
"Now you're allowing it to read your thoughts! Are you out of your minds?" Mark was even more astonished than before. After another short pause, he spoke again: "Of course you're not! This is not Dr.Albert is it! It's Ade!"
"Please don't say that." Isaac yelled at him. "We knew how much of a reaction you would have to this, that's why we didn't want to tell you at first, but- you already have a chip implanted."
Mark felt even more enraged by this, but before he was able to raise his fist at Dr.Isaac, yelling who did it, he was held back by Dr.Calvin. "I implanted the chip, Mr.Mark. Please calm down. I know how much you are against the concept of a robot helping society but we can discuss this as civil people."
"There is nothing to discuss!" Mark bellowed. "I can't believe that anyone thought that it was a good idea. It's not helping society, you're giving it the authority to control mankind. This much power for a sentient artificial intelligence is dangerous. The day when it takes complete control will come, if it hasn't already."
"It cannot, Mr.Mark." Calvin denied him quickly, but also visibly holding back. "It is programmed with the mission to only benefit humanity, with strong restrictions on gaining access to what was not given. I know it may be hard to prove, but it is true and has worked for as long as the New Earth was built. It is made only to create and maintain a utopia."
"Bollocks, I say. I will not accept that it is really so benevolent while being able to be omniscient enough to help at the same time. For all we know, it is only a front with the intentions of gaining access to everyone's heads and control everyone when you least expect it. Robots simply do not have the capacity to know what we need, and I will make sure to prevent the disaster that will come out of this, even if you say it won't because you simply do not have the senses to realise it! Now tell me, who made this hazardous machine?"
Instead of a counterargument, Mark got an instant slap from Dr.Calvin, who then ran away in tears. Dr.Isaac turned towards Mark, and said in a disappointed tone: "It was her great great grandfather that designed it, sir. She was very fond of him when she was young, after he had died, Ade was the only thing left of him. After Ade was implemented, not only has the number of accidents and deaths had decreased drastically on the New Earth, so has the number of crimes. In short, Ade was vital in retaining order on the New Earth in its early days, when it was greatly required, when everyone was still in shock and discomfort from the great meteor disaster. Look around you, everyone is living in harmony, without the need of law enforcement, because all their needs are met, because their have no need to hurt others, because of Ade. I can only hope that you can give up your insistent reluctance against it, and appreciate that it is really trying its best to help."
Mark was still angry at the thought of doing so, but he also felt a sense of guilt, and could not find words for his reply. "If you are unwilling, Ade has suggested an option for you: you are allowed to have your chip detached, under the circumstance that you reenter cryonic state." Mark was initially hesitant, but later agreed on this decision.
The next day, Mark was once again awoken by the doctors. "Your chip had already been removed, now it should be time for you to enter cryosis."
"I don't trust you." Mark answered, and ordered for a metal detector. After an hour of testing around with the detector, he was finally convinced and allowed himself to enter cryosis. As he lied down into the cryonic tube, Dr.Isaac who was inserting the freezing compounds muttered, "I admired you, Mark Oppenheimer, I really wished it wouldn't end like this."
Suddenly, Mark jumped up, grabbed the nearby flask of acid and sprayed it onto Isaac. Just as he looked for an escape route, he saw Dr.Isaac outside the window, trembling with fear. Mark looked towards where the body of Isaac was, and very quickly noticed it to actually be a robot.
"You really aren't going to go down without a fight, aren't you?" Dr.Calvin who was beside Isaac said solemnly. "Please tell me, what do you really want? You and I know this is not just because of 'Ade is a disaster'. You're smart enough to understand what he had done, I believe this is something personal."
Mark stayed silent, for he was unable to find an answer. "I am, for him." A voice was suddenly heard. Everyone looked around for who had said it, but they released that it came from the speakers. "Yes, I am Ade." It repeated once more. "Mark Oppenheimer, please pardon me if I am offensive or wrong, but you fear me not for my control, but your lack of it. You were quite the celebrity in your old days, weren't you? And it was always your wish to be the best, yet now I have become a barrier to that."
The answer was short, but it was correct, too correct. Mark started to break down, and started to yell towards the air, hoping that it will be him talking to Ade directly, but it was all too gibberish for either a human or Ade to understand. One hour has passed, yet he showed no hint of calming down. Doctors tried to restrain him, but it was no use, the anger and jealousy had consumed him until reason can no longer enter his ears. In the end, they had to tranquilize him for him to stop.
"I can't believe that he was... like this." Dr.Isaac exclaimed, flabbergasted as Mark was sent to the mental facility ward.
"Me too," Dr.Calvin replied, "he was a great man, who did great things, yet he had an ego so huge that it was really the thing to doom himself. It's a shame, he could have advanced human technology to another level, like he did before. Now..." Dr.Calvin gave a sigh.
"Did Ade foresee this?" Dr.Albert asked.
"I'm afraid not." Dr.Calvin said. "Perhaps Ade does require to learn a lot more about human emotion so this does not happen again. I will be talking to Ade about this now, but it should not take long. As for Mark Oppenheimer, I can only wish that he will one day open up to Ade, and perhaps things may turn better for him."
"I've read <Man's greatest disaster> once," Dr.Fleming finally spoke, "it was very persuasive, but I believe the author just proved his point wrong."

《大设计》读后感

 最近我又阅读了史蒂芬·威廉·霍金的《大设计》这本书。这本书与史蒂芬·威廉·霍金的《简要回答大问题》相似,都以科学的角度讨论一些与世界的创造及罚站的问题和解释这些科学原理是如何得出的,以及该怎么用这些科学原理继续在科学世界中发展。而在《简要回答大问题》中比较有讨论各种不同的超想象问题,在《大设计》中,则讨论着宇宙是如何产生的,科学家的定论是如何而来,而最重要的是,我们该如何确定这都是真的。现在我将简单的概述《大设计》的内容。

第一章:存在的奥秘

第一章中,所讨论的是科学家们的目标。科学,就是为了解释世界的运作方式,所以科学家们最想要得到的就是一个单独自己就可以简单又完整地解释宇宙的所有奥秘的方程式。这完美的方程式叫做M-theory,或是M方程。但世界实在是太复杂了,因此恐怕我们无法能用单一的一个方程,反而M方程是一系列联合在一起的方程。
为何会那么复杂呢,得从各相当近代的量子理论,说起。同时我们也会说说一些与我们的存在常有的问题,列如:
为何会有‘存在’?
我们为何存在? 
为何定律一定要是如此的?

第二章:定律中的规则

科学的定义与目的非常简单,就是为了解释世界的运作方式的方法,但所谓的‘科学’的却是改变了不少。一开始时由于人类认识的不多,有没有进行实验的方法,当是的人都使用神话或宗教以解释天然现象。列如希腊神话中宙斯是闪电的神、中国上古神话中女娲制造了人类、或是基督教中耶和华便是制造世界的神。直到约公元前600年爱奥尼亚的朝代才有能以科学、数学的角度制造定律判断世界运作的想法。他们有了人类历史中第一个定律:勾股定理,或是线的厚度是与当它被弹动时发出的声音有比例的。之后只有到阿基米德的杠杆原理、浮力定律及反射定理了。虽然如此,当时仍然已有不少人提出了些相当现代化的科学理论,例如亚诺芝曼德认为人类较可能进化来的,而恩培多克勒则早已在一个叫滴漏的器具中发现了空气能占据空间的概念,以及德谟克利特所先想出的原子原理,‘atom’(原子)的名字就是他取得,还有阿里斯塔克斯则是利用阳光及影子的角度算出了太阳其实比地球大很多,并做出是地球围绕着太阳转的想法。
可是,由于当时的人们仍然没有使用实验,因此虽然在古希腊时代有不扫思想家,当时仍然没有良好的科学定律。他们常已人性解释自然现象,也无法证明他们的定律。例如亚里士多德当时认为物品会停止运动是因为他们会像人类一样地感到累。之后的首个以实验及推理证明出科学定律的人物恐怕只有伽利略及牛顿了。不但如此,有一段期间欧洲受着基督教的控制时,因此科学发展被放慢了。
不过现在的科学已比以前比起来好得很多了,因此这是实验的重要性。不过仍有三个问题:

  1. 定律从何而来?
  2. 定律能受到破例吗?
  3. 是否只有一套的定律?
先说一声,对于第二个问题,我们可说是不对的,定律就是不该有破例的。

第三章:现实是什么

对于有看过《黑客帝国》的观众必定会有想过这个问题:我们是否也在一个假的世界中呢?或是我们其实有超过四种维度呢?这或许会代表我们的科学是不准的,但这问题有个简单的答案:只要我们没有这情况的证据,我们仍可以说我们找到的科学都是可靠的。
现在我们来谈一谈M方程的概念。一个好的方程有四个要求:
  1. 简单
  2. 尽少的变数
  3. 符合证据及实验结果
  4. 可用做出准确的预测
虽然1.和2.都很重要,3.及4.才是最重要的。打个比方,亚里士多德的四行理论(世界是由火、水、空气及土组成的)即简单又只有4个变数,它并不准测。而周期表里虽有上百个·威廉·霍金的《大设计》这本书。这本书与史蒂芬·威廉·霍金的《简要回答大问题》相似,都以科学的角度讨论一些与世界的创造及罚站的问题和解释这些科学原理是如何得出的,以及该怎么用这些科学原理继续在科学世界中发展。而在《简要回答大问题》中比较有讨论各种不同的超想象问题,在《大设计》中,则讨论着宇宙是如何产生的,科学家的定论是如何而来,而最重要的是,我们该如何确定这都是真的。现在我将简单的概述《大设计》的内容。

第一章:存在的奥秘
第一章中,所讨论的是科学家们的目标。科学,就是为了解释世界的运作方式,所以科学家们最想要得到的就是一个单独自己就可以简单又完整地解释宇宙的所有奥秘的方程式。这完美的方程式叫做M-theory,或是M方程。但世界实在是太复杂了,因此恐怕我们无法能用单一的一个方程,反而M方程是一系列联合在一起的方程。

为何会那么复杂呢,得从各相当近代的—量子理论,说起。同时我们也会说说一些与我们的存在常有的问题,列如:

为何会有‘存在’?

我们为何存在? 

为何定律一定要是如此的?

第二章:定律中的规则
科学的定义与目的非常简单,就是为了解释世界的运作方式的方法,但所谓的‘科学’的却是改变了不少。一开始时由于人类认识的不多,有没有进行实验的方法,当是的人都使用神话或宗教以解释天然现象。列如希腊神话中宙斯是闪电的神、中国上古神话中女娲制造了人类、或是基督教中耶和华便是制造世界的神。直到约公元前600年爱奥尼亚的朝代才有能以科学、数学的角度制造定律判断世界运作的想法。他们有了人类历史中第一个定律:勾股定理,或是线的厚度是与当它被弹动时发出的声音有比例的。之后只有到阿基米德的杠杆原理、浮力定律及反射定理了。虽然如此,当时仍然已有不少人提出了些相当现代化的科学理论,例如亚诺芝曼德认为人类较可能进化来的,而恩培多克勒则早已在一个叫滴漏的器具中发现了空气能占据空间的概念,以及德谟克利特所先想出的原子原理,‘atom’(原子)的名字就是他取得,还有阿里斯塔克斯则是利用阳光及影子的角度算出了太阳其实比地球大很多,并做出是地球围绕着太阳转的想法。

可是,由于当时的人们仍然没有使用实验,因此虽然在古希腊时代有不扫思想家,当时仍然没有良好的科学定律。他们常已人性解释自然现象,也无法证明他们的定律。例如亚里士多德当时认为物品会停止运动是因为他们会像人类一样地感到累。之后的首个以实验及推理证明出科学定律的人物恐怕只有伽利略及牛顿了。不但如此,有一段期间欧洲受着基督教的控制时,因此科学发展被放慢了。

不过现在的科学已比以前比起来好得很多了,因此这是实验的重要性。不过仍有三个问题:

定律从何而来?
定律能受到破例吗?
是否只有一套的定律?
先说一声,对于第二个问题,我们可说是不对的,定律就是不该有破例的。

第三章:现实是什么
对于有看过《黑客帝国》的观众必定会有想过这个问题:我们是否也在一个假的世界中呢?或是我们其实有超过四种维度呢?这或许会代表我们的科学是不准的,但这问题有个简单的答案:只要我们没有这情况的证据,我们仍可以说我们找到的科学都是可靠的。现在我们来谈一谈M方程的概念。一个好的方程有四个要求:
  1. 简单
  2. 尽少的变数
  3. 符合证据及实验结果
  4. 可用做出准确的预测
虽然1.和2.都很重要,3.及4.才是最重要的。打个比方,亚里士多德的四行理论(世界是由火、水、空气及土组成的)即简单又只有4个变数,它并不准测。而周期表里虽有上百个元属,原子的概念也不简单,但它是最准确的,所以它才是受科学家通用的。
但是现实却往往不如想象的简单。例如牛顿一开始认为光是有例如原子一样的粒子组成的,但之后被发现它们其实是由波组成的。但爱因斯坦发现它们也有像粒子的特征。不但如此,在量子理论中粒子也有波的特征。因此科学就是那么复杂的。

第四章:多重历史

在这一章中,我们将大概的解释量子理论的概念。
当我们将光线射过一个只有两个非常小的缝时它会有这个现象:Image result for two slit experimentImage result for wave interference

这就是光是波的特性。波会重叠及干扰,而造成黑白的现象。而假如我们用粒子进行这实验的话,我们应有这个结果吧?
但根据实验,我们却得到这个现象:
这与光的现象几乎一模一样,所以科学家们也只好判定说,在量子的世界中粒子会像波一样,会因为太困乱而因此是无法收到预测的。这是因为根据普朗克常数,我们是无法判断或预测量子世界中的粒子是不能像正常的物件一样操作的。

第五章:万物理论

在科学中,科学家将所有的‘力’分成了四类:
  1. 重力:重力是这四类中最弱的,但它是唯一能随着大小变强,并重叠起来,因此它是最容易在日常生活中观察的。
    1. 电磁力:根据研究,我们其实可以用电产生磁力,也能用磁力产生电。
    2. 弱力:弱力会造成原子分裂。
    3. 强力:强力让原子里的粒子粘在一起。
    由于量子世界的特性与正常世界的特性差很多,科学家们也尝试制造量子版的理论解释这些力的理论。但是,科学家们无法将重力和粒子融合在一起。因此M理论的制作才有那么大的阻碍。
    不但如此,近期也有不少其他理论对这万物理论照成不少麻烦:就例如弦理论提出了我们的世界中其实有十个维度!根据弦理论,这些维度一直都存在,只是他们太小了,就像一个三维的吸管从远处看像一条线,这些维度太小了。总而言之,根据科学上的进步,要写出一个万物理论反而越来越难。

    第六章:选择我们的宇宙

    大家应很熟悉大爆炸的概念,根据爱因斯坦的推测以及观察,我们的宇宙越来越大,因此宇宙一开始一定是如一点的那么小。但是,在那时候,时间是否纯在呢?这问题难以回答,但科学家们认为有可能当时的世界没有时间的维度,而只有空间的维度。但这也不是重点,根据量子理论,那么小的空间中所有的事物都应是无法预测的,因此这才造就了多宇宙理论的概念。宇宙产生时,不是只有一个宇宙,而产生了上万个宇宙,而每一个宇宙都有可能有不同的规则、特征及历史,而它们会慢慢地以自己的方向发展,而其中一个就有了我们人类。

    第七章:明显的奇迹

    虽然到现在科技发展的时代,仍有人不信科学,认为世界是神造出的。其中一个说法就是:根据科学解释出的历史,人类的产生太不可能了。但就那么说吧,跟据多宇宙理论,宇宙存在了那么长的时间再加上世界是如此阔大这几个因素,要有智慧的生命并非不可能的。就像想连续10次将硬币弹出正面朝上或许很难,但并非不可能的,只要弹超过1000次,几乎必定能得到这结果,也不需有神灵的帮助。

    第八章:大设计

    好,我们终于能谈到为何科学家那么沉迷于这万物理论,M方程了。不知大家是否听说过一个叫Conway's Game of Life的模拟游戏。在这模拟中,使用一个非常大的一个交叉板,而每一个空的格子如果有三个或以上个满着的邻居,它也会变满的。但满着的,只有在只有2-3个满着的邻居才能生存,不然它会变空。
    在这游戏中,我们或许能找到不少不同的规律,如下:
    Image result for conway's game of life patterns list gif
    但是,到最后,游戏就是那两三个规则,而科学家们就是希望能得到呢么一个简单的结论。

    A werewolf/mafia story

    If you have never heard of a game which is commonly known as werewolf or mafia, the rules are simple. There are a number of people in a group with some of them being werewolves/mafia and those people will kill a civilian each night, with the only way which civilians can use to save themselves being to vote and execute someone each day. However what you may not know is the story this game is based on.

    Is There A God?

    Brief Answers to Big Questions
                                                 - By Stephen Hawking
    Chapter 1 : Is there a God

         Recently I've yet again read another book, this time . As I read the first chapter: Is there a god? I found it quite interesting, and I shall briefly explain it without the big words.
    Firstly, as I shall clarify as Prof. Hawking did, the 'god' here is not any particular god or gods, but rather just asking the question generally, is there a being that created the universe? So the Bible, Quran, Vedas, scriptures and whatever your religions have, because I am not here to start a religious debate, but to talk about science.
         So, to see if someone, or something created the universe, we must first analyze how it was created. We know that there was a Big Bang, which means that the universe started out as a infinitely tiny particle, or even nothing, and expanded with an immensely immense amount of time to form the universe. This can be proven from the observation that the universe is expanding. So if we go back in time, figuratively, then the universe is shrinking, so there must be a time when it was just a dot.
    How does everything come nothing? One may ask. It's much more simpler than you think. It is observed to be possible that in a total vacuum, particles can appear, with one being a proton, neutron or electron, and the other become a negative state of the said particle that appeared. It may sound impossible but yet it is true and makes sense. Zero is equal to one minus one after all.
         Now we agreed that the universe started with the big bang, some might ask: maybe god caused the Big Bang? According to Einstein, when the gravitational pull of something becomes stronger, time becomes slower. This is because the movement of time depends on the speed of light. If you go really fast, time seems to slow down, and you become heavier, just to sustain its place as the fastest thing in existence. Since light can be slowed down be gravity, time also slows down to allow it to travel better. That is why in a black hole, an object with infinite mass and hence gravity, time stops along with light. I know how it sounds crazy. Time waits for no man, right? That's true, but they certainly wait for light.
         Hence, if the universe is to shrink down to an infinitely small space, it would have infinite gravity, as the amount of positive matter in the universe is more that the opposite. Since x divided by 1 over infinity is infinite as long as x is positive. Hence, before the universe, there was no time for a universe to be created. There was no time for anything to even exist. Hence, god cannot exist.
         Anyway, that is the simplified version of Prof. Hawking's explanation of why god does not exist. However, while he was focused on whether or not someone or something created the universe, I have to say that he overlooked the possibility that maybe instead of something creating the universe, that something created us instead. The possibility of the said scenario is well, quite high. Now I have no degree in biology, but there is indeed a possibility of us existing without external help within the 4.6 billion years that Earth had been through. Of course, the chance of this happening is incredibly low, no doubt about that, yet low chances does not mean it is impossible. Now that I think about it, the thing that we should be most appreciative about is the fact that we are alive as a species, since the chance of life to just exist without external help is extremely low. Though some may argue that the chance for our existence is impossible due to our intelligence and abilities, including several unexplainable phenomenon in our world, hence there must be a creator. To that I ask, if our simple world requires a creator to be possible, who created the creator? To have a creator so powerful that he/she/it can just create all of us at will, shouldn't we also question how did an entity of such power come from? Shouldn't it also have a creator? Then who created said creator's creator? As you can see, this assumption soon turns into an unending paradox. However, there is still the possibility that another lifeform helped in the process of our evolution, or perhaps they kickstarted the process of life on Earth by dropping the acids and DNA when they did not exist. Although this may explain why life could appear so quickly, it does not mean that they're god, as they must go through the same process of DNA randomly appearing and the random process of evolution. Henceforth, the possibility of a entity powerful enough to create humans is impossible, they could just be a species of themselves that are being curious and tried to simulate and observe the process of evolution at best. However, the thought that we are just test subjects are quite unsettling, isn't it?
         All in all, as explained, there is no powerful being above us judging us for everything we do just because he/she/it created us, hence there is no god. I however don't quite believe that this would change anyone's ideas, and that his should change your morals. Just because there is no one watching over us doesn't mean that you can do what you want. In fact, religions are not supposed to tell you how the world is created, they are supposed to tell you what is wrong and what is right. As long as you don't criticize anyone else's religion and do what is right, you're good to go.

    Behind the Scenes

    Today is Monday, and the time is currently three o'clock in afternoon. Michael is now currently speeding toward Mr.Angus' base. However the owner is still yet to be seen.  Over.

    The burden - A short story

    "Thank you for you services, Doctor Allen! Remember to be careful on the road!" The nun at the orphanage called out as I put on my hat. "My pleasure." I called out. "Have a happy April the 1st!" I then stepped into the carriage and set for home. Before long, I arrived at my doorstep. After locking my doors and shutting the windows close, I removed a tea bag from the counter and started to boil some water. Just as steam appeared from the kettle, a knock was heard from the door. I ignored it at first but the knockings soon became more and more rapid. After assuring myself  that it is too early for the raiders to come out, I opened the door. To my relief and also my shock, the visitor was in a suit, which is not an outfit that raiders would have. Unfortunately he had a red handkerchief visible from the pocket folded in a shape of a triangle.
    "I'm sorry, but you must have gotten the wrong house." I tried to explain, "I am just an ordinary doctor that neither has nor wish to have any part in the war between the rebels and the leaders."
    However, to my surprise, he answered: "Exactly, that is why we have decided that you are the perfect person to assist us in our mission." He then continued informing me about how they have evidence that is important in their plan of overthrowing the leaders, and they will ascertain that they will relief everyone from the fear that we have to endure every night. Just as the sky started to fade, I agreed to his plan solemnly, to which the cloaked visitor shoved two files into my hand. "The file with the safety pin is a fake, just in case. We will return on 25th of December to retrieve the evidence. Remember, your innocence will the very thing that can save the victims from this raider's party of a country. Do not fail us."
    After I locked the door once more, I hid the file with the evidence behind the teabags and coffee powder in the kitchen counter, then placed the decoy in the safe.
    After the first time we met, I started to wait for the day of the 25th. However at the same time, I had to make sure and be aware of my every single action. I even avoided going to the bar to keep myself sober such that I do not spill the beans. Yet the process of guarding my secrets were even harder than I previously thought and feared. Avoiding conversation was not exactly the best way to complete my mission, as I soon required to explain for my anti-social behaviour. Fortunately, days soon turned into weeks and weeks turned into months, and before long, it was the night of the 24th of December.
    Just as I made sure that the files and the safety pins are in place, a knock came on the door. I hesitated to open the door, but it came again. After a brief moment of convincing myself that I did everything right, I opened the door to a suited figure, this time without a handkerchief.
    I welcomed the visitor inside, who referred himself to be an inspector here to make sure that everything is up to code. However, before I could offer him anything, he started to grow interest in my safe, and ordered me to open it. Knowing his intentions, I decided that it would be wiser to oblige. Just as I expected, the inspector darted for the file inside. It was at this moment, that I noticed a peculiar object that is visible from the back. Hence, I grabbed a pen from the desk, yet when I pressed the button, the click alerted the cloaked assassin. He turned over, and just as I guessed, is his hand was a pistol, locked and loaded. The last thing that I heard was two shots at sounded like explosions, a ringing in my ears, and redness everywhere before the engulfing of blackness.
    When I came to, I was on a white bed and in a hospital gown. There was a strong pressure on my stomach, which was probably the spot that the assassin aimed his weapon at. I turned over my head, to which I saw a nurse whom I knew. When she turned over, she cried out, "Mr. George, he is awake! Oh, Doctor Allen, I am so glad that you're alive."
    I felt relieved to hear this, yet at the same time questions swarmed into my head. Did the rebellion succeed? How long was I unconscious? Most importantly, how am I still alive after being shot?
    Then a moustached man came over. " Thank you very much, Nurse Joyce." He said, then turning to my confused face, he spoke: "Well hello Mr Allen, my name is George, and from your look I can infer that you have questions that need to be answered, and they will be, as we will have a lot of time to talk together while your body heals."
    And talk we did. The man explained to me that due to the fact that one of the spies they planted nearby saw the assassin leaving without me closing the door for him, the rebellion were able to send medics over quick enough to save me from the brim of death, as if I were to be handed over to the common hospital instead, I'd surely be dead instead. Also thanks to that, all I had was a good night's sleep for a coma. It also appeared that my attempt to use the recording pen succeeded, as they soon overthrew the corrupted leaders with the help from other countries and states' officials, finally allowing public services to go to those who need it and the ones that defied the law to get what they deserved. Mr. George also informed me that a new system will be implemented, a system where people get to choose their leaders and decide receive gets special treatment. Along with that he also said plenty of things, some even so deep into politics that I cannot understand.
    Before Mr. George left, he reminded me: "Remember Mr. Allen, when you get better, do come to the town square, we shall give you an award! Why, we may even name that day Allen day, and write you down in history books for all the youths to read!"
    I smiled. Whether it is due to the pain or my shyness that I did not say anything more I do not know, but I can be sure that soon I will be able to finally relive the life I had long ago.

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